The Black Death Ravaged Europe And Its Inhabitants

From 1347 to about 1352, the Black Death ravaged Europe and its inhabitants. While this devastating plague caused an exorbitant loss of life and a great deal of emotional suffering, it did lead to some major social changes in Europe that changed the course of history. The Black Death transformed the consciousness of the surviving populous of medieval Europe in a way no other event that has occurred before or since could. This transformed psyche created the catalyst that expedited the transformation of the feudal system, which in turn gave birth to and ushered in the Renaissance, fueled the religious discontent against the Catholic Church, and provided the foundation for the Protestant Reformation. The Black Death was a pandemic of demographic proportions that occurred in Europe during the fourteenth century. The plague appeared to have had its origin in the Gobi Desert of Asia when Asian black rats, carrying plague infested fleas, got aboard a merchant ship and arrived in Italy in 13 47 (Whipps). Italian merchants from Caffa, on the Black Sea, arrived at Messina, Sicily. Most of the crew was dead, but they carried with them the virulent disease (Ross). Rats, carrying infected fleas, are believed to have come from the ships and spread the disease. The Plague reached England by the summer of 1348 somewhere between late June and early August. The disease reached London on November 1st â€Å". . . and up to 30,000 of the city’s population of 70,000 inhabitants succumbed† (Ross).Show MoreRelatedThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague1386 Words   |  6 Pagesof history since the biblical eras and has had an undeniable effect on the development of contemporary civilization Gowen, B.S. (1907). The cause of the plague is not known. However, there is religious reference of God punishing sinners causing death and destruction using this deadly disease. Throughout the years, there has been a question to be answered by historians and medical professionals. This q uestion is: if the destructive attributes of the disease was an act of God to punish sinners orRead MoreThe Black Death Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Death Black Death, epidemic of plague which ravaged Europe in the mid-14th century. Various forms of plague were known in the civilized world since ancient times. Greek and Roman historians described outbreaks of an epidemic disease which were sudden and deadly: at Constantinople in the 6th century AD, for example, as much as half the population may have been killed. The outbreakRead MoreSocial and Economic Effects of the Plague on Medieval Islam Societies1237 Words   |  5 Pagesas the Black Death, was a fatal disease that ravaged Asia and Europe during the mid-14th century. Although the destruction the Plague brought upon Europe in terms of deaths was enormous, the Islamic world arguably suffered more due to the fact that plague epidemics continually returned to the Islamic world up until the 19th century. The recurrence of the disease caused Muslim populations to never recover from the losses suffered and a resulting demographic shift that arguably helped Europe to surpassRead MoreEssay on This Is the End of the World: the Black Death by Barbara Tuchman1504 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"This is the End of the World: The Black Death.† by Barbara Tuchman History reveals the mid-14th century as a very unfortunate time for Europe. It was during this period when the continent became afflicted by a terrible plague. The source of the pathogen is known today as bubonic but was colloquially known as â€Å"The Black Death† to Europeans of the day. The plague caused a tremendous number of deaths and was a catalyst of change, severely impacting Europe’s cultural, political and religious institutionsRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague1562 Words   |  7 Pageswas close to120 million inhabitants. By 1393, their population dropped to around 62 million. Before long, the disease causing this drop in populace migrated into Europe. A diseased person would get a high fever, cold sweats, experience weakness, have migraines, and buboes (swollen, tender and painful lymph nodes) would appear. Without warning, buboes would spread to every lymph node in the body and blood would start to puddle under the skin. The skin then turned black and died. In its finalRead More Jane Addams and Hull House Essay1548 Words   |  7 PagesJane Addams and Hull House   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Born in Cederville, Illinois, on September 6, 1860, Jane Addams founded the world famous social settlement of Hull House. From Hull House, where she lived and worked from it’s start in 1889 to her death in 1935, Jane Addams built her reputation as the country’s most prominent women through her writings, settlement work and international efforts for world peace. In 1931, she became the first women to win the Nobel Peace Prize.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Addams, whose father was anRead MoreThe Old Nursery Rhyme, Ring Around The Rosie3205 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction The old nursery rhyme â€Å"Ring around the Rosie† comes with many explanations relating to the Black Death and its course throughout Europe and Asia. Why is it that this old nursery rhyme, said to have been circulating since the last major epidemic of the Plague in 1665, is still being sung by countless amounts of people each day? This nursery rhyme and its continuation to appear in our childhoods and daily lives shows exactly how much the plague impacted today’s society socially, economicallyRead MoreCompare and Contrast Japanese and Western Imperialism in Asia and the Pacific3853 Words   |  16 PagesCompare and Contrast Japanese and Western Imperialism in Asia and the Pacific 23 October 2013 at 18:10 The Japanese pursuit for an empire in South East Asia helped changed the balance of world power away from Europe, by taking their most lucrative colonies. Soon after the Japanese defeat in World War II, most of the colonies won their independence from their European masters. This essay will be arguing that despite the vast geographical distance and cultural, racial differences, as well as theRead MoreEssay Colonization Across the Globe5171 Words   |  21 Pagesconstructed for the shallow waters of the surrounding rivers and lake, bombarded the city. Every day the white soldiers launched fresh assaults on the city defences, whose supplies of food and fresh water had been cut. Famine, dysentery, and smallpox ravaged the Aztec defenders. On 13 August 1521, after a desperate siege of three months, the new Aztec emperor was captured and Tenochtitlan fell. According to Spanish accounts, when they finally entered the city, more than 40,000 decomposed bodies -Read MoreManifest Destiny and Race4652 Words   |  19 Pagesperception became a concept that had its roots in 16th and 17th Century England. It involved their ancestry to the peoples of England prior to the Norman Conquest of 1066, and further back to the Nordic and Germanic peoples of ancient, continental Europe. It didn’t start here; their Caucasian ancestry was believed to have traveled west through the centuries from Asia and the Caucasus, following the sun and a divine destiny that brought them through the cold northern European forests to England, and

Probation, Substance Abuse Treatment, And Boot Camp

Restoration is, â€Å"Punishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender’s criminal act† (Clear, Reisig, Petrosino, and Cole, (2015) according to three University Professors. When someone commits a crime, the community gets a sense of lost trust that they once had with the community because that crime occurred on the police’s watch. Different sanctions can provide ways for the offenders to repair the harm that they have committed. The community plays a huge part into the restoration process of criminals. They emphasize to the offender what is acceptable behavior, offers the offender to perform the reparative tasks, and provides the help needed for the offender to live a normal life back in the community. For much of correctional history, the criminal justice community has relied heavily upon different programs that are designed to serve as alternatives to incarceration. The three sanctions that will be discussed in this paper are probation, substance abuse treatment, and boot camp. I will also give my opinion about which form of restoration I believe is most effective out of the three that were discussed. One of the most popular forms of restoration is probation. Probation is, â€Å"An agency that supervises the community adjustment of people who are convicted of crimes but are not sentenced to confinement in prison or jail† (Clear, et al. (2015). What makes probation most desirable by offenders is that they are not confined to live insideShow MoreRelatedThe Juvenile System And Juvenile Corrections System1740 Words   |  7 Pageswill be discussed to gain a better understanding of juvenile probation. Probation and Intensive Probation In the US, there is an epidemic problem with troubled youth in our nation. In fact, juvenile cases almost 58% are often given probation, therefore, probation is the norm and often deemed as the basis for monitoring those youth in the system. Since most of them are students still in school, they are often visited by their probation officer in the school setting to monitor not only their rehabilitationRead MoreAlternative Juvenile Placements : Alternative Programs For Youth917 Words   |  4 PagesIntensive Supervision Program (CISP) was created in 1990 by Allegheny County Juvenile Court as a need to provide more supervision than what probation offered. This program is for males between the ages of 11-21. Youth involved in this program may need additional supervision from probation or less supervision when transitioning from a residential treatment facility. There are five locations in the Pittsburgh area servicing youth from Garfield, the Hill, Homewood, McKeesport, Northside a nd WilkinsburgRead MoreJuvenile Offenders And Juvenile Delinquency1053 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile repeat offenders receive little to no punishment for the crimes that they commit. The disposition that juvenile repeat offenders receive in some states at the highest are community service, detention centers, or probation. What makes a juvenile crime is status offenses. A juvenile status offense consist of crimes that would not under law be considered as crimes by an adult but crimes by juvenile youths. Status offenses consist of truancy, running away, violating curfew, underage possessionRead MoreDefinitions Of Probation And Probation Essay956 Words   |  4 PagesClassifications of Probation According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, at year end of 2012, more than 4.7 million adults were under some form of community probation in the United States (Bonczar and Maruschak, bjs.gov). With so many adults on probation, one could only ask how they all are supervised. With the criminal justice system already bursting at the seams with offenders, its main objective is to keep offenders out of this already exhausted system. Probation, also called intermediateRead MoreAlternatives to Incarceration Essay1984 Words   |  8 Pages In 1996, Anderson and Dyson published a study to investigate boot camp success and offender risk assessment for CRIPP (Court Regimented Intensive Probation Program) participants. This study was conducted on 1225 male boot camp graduates. Logistic regression was used to determine which participants were more likely to reoffend after boot camp. Independent variables were recoded for the logistical regression model analysis used in this study. Th e effect of a prior felony conviction increasesRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration On The Correctional System Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesPunishment and The Search for Alternatives†, Cayley (1998) understood that prisons do not stop crime even though that is exactly what they were originally designed for. He wrote about prisons changing from punishing, hopeless places to restorative, treatment facilities. Cayley (1998) said an alternative peacemaking justice system provides an opportunity for all parties to have a voice in the restorative part of criminal offenses. For some, primarily non-violent offenders, restorative justice allows theRead MoreThe High Incarceration Rate Of Juveniles1748 Words   |  7 Pagesjuvenile justice system face a multitude of negative lifelong implications. The history of incarcerating youth in residential facilities such as juvenile halls, camps, ranches or group homes as a consequence for committing crimes has a deep-rooted history in the U nited States. â€Å"For more than a century, the predominant strategy for treatment and punishments of serious and sometimes not-so-serious juveniles offenders in the US has been placement into large juvenile corrections institutions† (Mendel,Read MoreEssay on Boot Camp1400 Words   |  6 PagesBoot Camp With the ever rising prison population in this country, something has to be done rehabilitate criminals rather than just lock them up. Many feel that the â€Å"new† prisons, boot camps are the answer (Champion 1990). I will give a brief overview of boot camp institutions, specifically, about the operation and structure of these, the cost involved with both juvenile and adult facilities, and how effective they really are with regard to recidivism. Boot camps or shock incarceration programsRead MoreJuvenile Crime And Juvenile Delinquency1322 Words   |  6 Pagesoffenders accountable, and provides treatment and rehabilitative services tailored to the needs of juveniles and their families. The OJJDP’s vision and mission statement confirms that there is an abundance of resources to reduce the recidivism rate of juveniles. Research proves that with effective resources and programs, help reduce juvenile crimes. Programs such as a military style boot camp is one way to deter juvenile crime. Campie (2011) states that â€Å"while boot camps are less expensive in the shortRead MoreThe Effectiveness of Probation Boot Camps2932 Words   |  12 PagesName: Tutor: Course: Date: How Effective Are Probation Boot Camps? Probation Boot Camps Probation boot camps refer to correctional centers that follow a military essential training model, which emphasizes discipline as well as physical conditioning. They are based on shock incarceration and military techniques, and are aimed at assisting young offenders. The first known boot camp was started in 1971 in Idaho though their popularity did not start until 1983 when they were created in Oklahoma

I Hate About You is a relocation of the Taming Free Essays

The Taming of the Shrew relocated to high school? Gill Gunner’s 10 Things I Hate About You is undoubtedly more complicated than a relocation of Shakespearean The Taming of the Shrew into high school. The transformation of Shakespearean comedy Into the teen’ movie genre and the integration of Elizabethan values enable the film to be a successful relocation of the play, yet the Incorporation of modern gender conventions discerns it as something more than a relocation. The culmination of these facets produce a cinematic masterpiece that draws parallelism to Shrew In a feminist perspective. We will write a custom essay sample on I Hate About You is a relocation of the Taming or any similar topic only for you Order Now The transformation of Shrews comedic genre into the teen’ genre in 10 Things facilitates its relocation into high school. In Shrew, comedy revolves around the physical violence upon Kate, deception, and a play on words. The sight of a ‘shrew’ physically subdued by a man would have been humorous to an Elizabethan audience. Humor is also evident in Epithetic and Skate’s verbal battle, where elaborate puns are constructed. Women are made to bear and so are you’ (11. 1. 200). Here, Epithetic twists the word ‘bear’ into meaning ‘giving childbirth’, thus twisting Skate’s Insults Into Innuendo. Influenced by the teen’ genre and the rise of fearfulness. N 10 Things, comedy exists verbally and in stereotypical teenage experiences. Ms Perks attempt to describe an erotic scene in her novel is evidence of verbal humor, similar to Pediatrics use of puns. The concept of growing up is embodied in Cat’s antisocial behav ior. Described as a heinous blotch’, her unfriendly manner Illustrates her inability to accept her adolescence, such as dating. This is emphasized in the party scene, where the childhood swings she is sitting on Juxtapose against the adolescent party house In the background. The modern adaptation also explores teenage dating. Dating forms the basis of comedy. Blanch feels the urge to date for the purpose of fitting in to teenage culture. In the words, ‘I’m the only girl that doesn’t date,’ Bianca suggests that her motivation for dating is due to peer pressure. The influence of peer pressure is also apparent in other movies based on a teen genre, such as Grease (1978) and The Breakfast Club (1985). By appealing directly to teenage audiences through common experiences, Shakespearean comedy is relocated into high school. The integration of money and status as Elizabethan values into 10 Things contributes to It being a successful relocation of Shrew. In Shakespearean comedy, marriage Is an opportunity for the men to acquire wealth and Increase their social status. Pedicurist’s motives for journeying to Pad are solely to marry the daughter of an affluent father to increase his own wealth and status, or as he expresses it, to Wives and thrive’ (1. 11. 42). The simplicity of Petroleum’s Intentions accentuates the ease to which It can be accomplished, and therefore suggests that marriage Is a game signed and played by the men. These values are incorporated into the teen’ adaptation by alternating the setting into high school. By incorporating the teen’ Shakespearean work, dating is a tool used to gain money and popularity. Cameron and Michaels plot to use Joey, a wealthy ‘Coco, to bribe Patrick to date Kate is evidence of this. While this increases Patriot’s money and allows Cameron and Joey to date Bianca, it also enables Michael to be ‘cool by association’ to popular people, thus increasing his status among the school hierarchy. In such, the men benefit while the omen become puppets in a male plot. The similarities between money and status in Shrew and 10 Things depict a parallel course to which both texts extend. The distinction in gender conventions between 10 Things and Shrew is crucial in demonstrating that the modern version is more complicated than a high school relocation of the play. In Elizabethan England, women were the property of their men and were expected to loyally serve them. This convention is adequately expressed in Shakespearean drama, culminating in Skate’s ‘submission’ speech. In such, the use of juxtaposition comparing women to men in the words, ‘l see our lances are but straws/ Our strength as weak, our weakness past compare,’ (V. I. 173-174) illustrates female submission to male superiority in a patriarchal society. In consideration of Skate’s violent behavior, her acknowledgement of female servitude undermines her ‘shrewish’ nature, and therefore demonstrates that she is tamed’. Elizabethan gender conventions are transformed to a more feminist and less sexist perspective in the movie, dictated by modern attitu des towards women. Women in 10 Things josses more control of themselves and exert greater influence, such as Banana’s manipulation to induce her sister to date. Similar to Kate, Kate is a young independent woman who strongly supports feminism. In the words, Why should I live up to other people’s expectations except for my own,’ Kate demonstrates she is uninfluenced from social oppression. In contrast to Pedicurist’s use of physical violence of taming Kate, Patrick uses kindness to tame the wild beast’ and socially conform her. The change in gender conventions while maintaining a similar characterization of Kate compels the elm to be a relocation of the play but in a more feminist outlook. 0 Things I Hate About You is a high school relocation of The Taming of the Shrew in a feminist viewpoint. The incorporation of the teen’ movie genre and the values of money and status in the movie ensure the plays relocation into high school, while the change in gender conventions provides a more feminist perspective of the movie. The modern adaptation moves away from its misogynist basis and entertains a teenage audience by transforming aspects of Shakespearean drama into common adolescent experiences. How to cite I Hate About You is a relocation of the Taming, Papers

Vulnerabilities Their Defensive Mechanism †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Vulnerabilities Their Defensive Mechanism? Answer: Introduction STP Limited is an organization that is based out of Wollongong and has its head office in the same city. The organization manufactures cabinets and is expanding to the other regions as well. The sales and revenue are going good for the organization and as a result, it recently bought office premises in Bathurst and Lithgow. They have also set up a new office in Sydney. The company is currently located in four locations and has warehouse machines and other equipment installed in these locations. Project Background There are new networking and communication technologies that are being used by STP Limited to enhance its connectivity and integration capabilities. Every office of the company is equipped with a modem and a switch and the Internet connection is made active with the aid of ADSL. The members of the staff are allowed to Bring their Own Devices at work which is also known as the BYOD scheme. The wireless connections are also made enable by the organization. The enhanced network connections will allow the employees to be connected with each other at any hour of the day. It will aid in the resolution of the problems and conflicts in a timely manner and will make it possible to experience enhanced efficiency and productivity of the employees. The customers will also be able to contact the organization in case of any query or complaint. There will be enhanced help and assistance services provided which will make it easy to increase the levels of customer trust and engagement (Cisco, 2008). Project Scope The scope of the project will include the design, development and deployment of the measures so that the enhanced networking mediums are implemented. Privacy is one of the essential properties that are required to be maintained in association with the information and networks. The efforts will also be implemented to make sure that the privacy of the information and the communication networks is not disturbed or violated. Project Goals Ability to make sure that all the office locations and units of STP Limited are integrated with each other as a single unit. Ability to ensure that the security of the networks and the information channels is maintained along with the assurance of privacy (Pareek, 2011). Ability to make sure that enhanced revenues and customer engagement is earned with the improved networking and communication medium. Strategic Alignment of the Project Alignment Perspective Description Strategic Execution Project goals are in line with organizational goals. The design, development and deployment of the networking, security, privacy and integration measures will be done to achieve the goals. Technological Potential The wireless connections and networking equipment that have been set up are compatible with the organizational systems and applications. The integration and security solutions that are proposed are feasible on the basis of technical feasibility study. Competitive Potential Network security and privacy is a much in demand trend in the market. Enhancement of the quality of service Service Level A networking strategy has been designed and determined by the Project Manager so that the organization goals are met. Resources have been allocated to the project tasks and activities at the operational and managerial levels. Network Security There are various issues that must be addressed from the point of view of network security. It must be made sure that there are enough human resources in the department of local IT as the support staff. It would be necessary to understand the significance of remote management of the security controls and mechanisms. The device configuration that is set up shall be allowed to be accessed with the means of HTTP, HTTPS, Telnet, SSL and likewise. In a nutshell, the security solutions that are set up at the branch office must target the needs and requirements of the office sizes and these shall also be easy to deploy and economical in nature. Secure routing, WAN connections etc. shall also be included. This will eliminate the requirement of installing separate networking devices and equipment. Another condition that must be considered is the changing landscape of the security threats and attacks. There may be some extremely severe implications of these attacks and threats. For instance, in the year 2003, Slammer worm infected 90% of the susceptible hosts in 10 minutes with the doubling rate of 8.5 seconds. There are signature based countermeasures that are being implemented in the organizations which cannot be updated at such a short period of time (Canavan, 2001). Supplementing of the reactive countermeasures will be required that may have the ability to prevent the uncertainties and security attacks that are not predicted earlier. The use of network focussed defence mechanisms shall also be used for preventing the security attacks associated with application layer and services. Ideal Branch-Office Security Solution It shall provide a fast and safe VPN connection based on the site-to-site connectivity. A direct and secure access to the internet shall be provided. This would be significant in the avoidance of unknown Internet traffic re-directed through any of the regional headquarters location. Improved security services and solutions shall be provided for the internal services and network connections (Alabady, 2009). It shall be easy to use and shall also be cost-effective in nature. Securing data Virtual Private Networks: The establishment of IPSec VPNs will be a prime necessity for the branch security solutions and services. The use of secure encryption algorithms, such as tripe DES and AES shall be used with key exchange and user authentication protocols (Joshi and Karkade, 2015). NAT traversal and Microsoft VPN clients shall also be made available for the maintenance of security. Firewall: Firewall is one of the most significant measures for the security of the data. The effectiveness of firewalls can be realized only by the mode of application of the same, for instance, the implementation of firewall at the network layer only will not be able to prevent the security risks associated with the application layer. Attack Protection: There is certain amount of traffic that passes through even with the set up of the firewalls. It also does not identify certain types of security risks and attacks. Intrusion detection and prevention is a technology that comes in the picture to identify and prevent the entry of the bad elements. There are anomaly based, signature based, network based and behaviour based intrusion detection and prevention systems that have been developed for preventing many of the denial of service, flooding and integrity attacks (Strebe, 2004). Advanced Content Filtering: There are many of the anti-malware packages that are present such as, anti-viruses, anti-spyware etc. these are completely reactive in nature but have the capability to control the file based attacks and many of the known threats and attacks. There is Web/URL filtering measure that may focus on the outbound traffic and prevent the access to the web sites that are not safe (Soriano, 2011). Segmentation Security Domains: Internal security at the branch office may be improved with the aid of this measure. It makes sure that the associated appliances have the capabilities such as multiple LAN interfaces along with VLAN connections. A unique security policy is enforced on the basis of the users and the computing resources. Mobile device security Mobile devices have become a crucial part of the IT infrastructure of a small business. However, it also presents certain risks to the company that is not always identified at the time of first implementation. Mobile devices give flexibility and mobility but are also faced with issues like limitations of the hardware and security concerns rising from downloading of un-trusted content. A security strategy shall be developed and implemented to ensure the safety and security of the mobile devices. There are also unknown devices that may be connected to the office network with the use of BYOD technology. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) attacks Currently there are many staff at the company that are connecting wirelessly with a mobile device such as a laptop. The risk of such an environment is significant as the asset that holds the most value is very attractive to those who wish to steal or damage vital information. Capturing wireless data is one of the most common enterprise attacks external of the enterprise while rogue access points and evil twin access point are internalized. WLAN attacks can be overcome by proper configuration of devices and employee training programs. BYOD risks Currently, the staff of STP Ltd can connect to the organizations wireless network through their personal devices. This option has less financial constraints which is convenient for the company but at the same time, it is also exposed to greater risks. The confidential information of the company can get exposed because of user actions. Malicious software can also attack the device or the network affecting the security baseline of the organization. Thus, for the use of personal devices, minimum security requirements must be defined and the employees must be trained on the aspects of data protection and security. There are some essential tools that may be used for further enhancing the mobile device security. Fingerprinting: It is a mechanism that enhances and inspects the characteristics that are associated with the mobile devices to understand the device properties. It may highlight the unsafe devices and their presence in the networks (Souppaya, 2013). Network Access Controls: It is commonly abbreviated as NAC and is a measure that may be used for advanced device management by the organizations. An in-depth analysis of the device is done under NAC to highlight the presence of any intruders associated with the device, anti-virus and anti-span packages and so on. Authentication: This is the security solution that comes after the fingerprinting and NAC. It authenticates the users on the basis of the WLAN standards such as 1x standard. The combination of the three controls will provide the organizations with the required set of security controls and network management (Sujithra and Padmavathi, 2012). Plan for Hardware Purchases Procurement strategy is an important area of operations of an organization as it keeps the operations going on. Purchase planning is vital for a company. Research can be used for aligning purchase processes with organizational strategy. This can improve financial and operational performance of the business. Hardware purchases would put some financial burdens to the organization and thus, contingency plans are required to be developed for ensuring that business operations remain continued. Acquisition of new hardware Purchase of new hardware cannot be avoided as it can result from causes like loss, failure, or damage to the devices. As the Gympie store is located in an area which is flood prone and thus, it can be a concern for the company. STP limited has deferred the procurement risks by insuring its business assets. However, for preparing to deal with circumstances, certain documents and assets such as asset register, budget forecasts, emergency plans, policies, procedures, reviews and strategies can be created and maintained. End user feedback and reviews A review from employees as users of the hardware system can help identify concerns around outdated or overloaded application. It can also be known if the user is downloading or running certain applications on the devices causing load to the system unnecessarily. Reviews can be scheduled for evaluation of the hardware performed such that the management can take more informed decisions about procurement. The review would help management identify current issues as well as potential risks that can be faced in future. Purchasing strategies The management must make sure that the company has enough funds for the hardware purchase which needs a careful, cash flow planning. Small organizations like the current one is more likely to have close coordination between employees and thus, strategic alignment would be better. If the organization needs to take the advantages of purchasing hardware at low price, suppliers have to be identified appropriately and the business needs have to be understood through exploration of the business requirements. Asset register There are many equipment necessary for installation and testing purposes. Some of the necessary hardware may include the following: Computer Systems: These may be required for accessing the tools and applications for the purpose of installation and testing. Servers: There are web and file servers that may be required for accessing various information sets along with the database servers as well. Peripheral Equipment: Networking equipment such as switches, bridges, routers, hubs, gateways would be required for establishing and maintaining network connections. Simulators and Emulators: It would not be possible to carry out testing activities on all the devices and these tools will come into the picture for gaining a virtual experience and testing purposes. Diagnostic Equipment: The troubleshooting and diagnostic processes will be carried out for network management and security using this equipment. Communication Devices: These will be necessary for the sharing of information and data. Business continuity If the company makes use of cloud based applications then the need for creating backup on the local devices is eliminated. However, the data that gets exchanged over the POS and other non-cloud applications is also the companys responsibility. Thus, an offsite backup of the store has t be created such that data can be retrieved in case the site is damaged so that the business can be continued without interruptions. A cloud based system can be used for creating this backup which would ensure that most valuable assets are well protected from any losses. Multi-general backups can be created by administrators who would be responsible for the management of the departmental servers. Physical security The internal and external environment of the organization affects its physical security. The organizations physical infrastructure could be located in a place that is prone to security risks such as network failures, power outages, road blocks, and floods. Thus, disaster recovery planning is essential such that staff can be made prepared to deal with such situations and ensure that business operations continuity is still maintained. In case of insider threats, it is the responsibility of the administrator to ensure that the systems remain secure and protected from insider threats. Succession planning There can be situations when an important employee or the owner of the organization is unable to work because of unforeseen situations such as injuries from accidents. The company must remain prepared to deal with such situations. Planning must include the details of the roles and the process for appointment of the other people who can take over the work in such circumstances. The strengths and weaknesses may be assessed and development opportunities may be identified through monitoring, support and evaluation. Risk Responsibilities The responsibility of dealing with the risks shall be distributed to all of the stakeholders. The risk responsibility shall be allocated for each of the risk that is identified. The mapping of the stakeholder must be done on the basis of the type and category of the risk (Berg, 2010). Risk Assessment The assessment of the risk shall be done on the basis of its impact and likelihood along with the various factors that may be associated with the risks. The risk ranking shall be applied and assigned to every risk. Risk Response A response strategy shall be defined for every risk that is identified and assessed. The response may include different treatment strategies and measures. There are various methods that may be applied for the risks, such as, avoidance, acceptance, transfer and mitigation (Crane, 2013). Risk Mitigation It shall include the activities for the control of the risk along with the contingency plan associated with the same. The risk mitigation strategies as identified in the risk response process shall be applied and implemented for every risk (Dcu, 2015). Tracking and Reporting The risk mitigation strategy shall be applied and the same shall be tracked and reported by the Project Manager. There shall also be a weekly report that must be prepared to keep a track of the same and the senior management must carry out monitoring and control activities (Debono, 2016). Security Policy A security policy can be used for protecting the assets of an organization as well as for providing a baseline for the user conducts in a workplace. It can act as a tool that creates awareness in the people and help in building a culture that is supportive for the organization in terms of security. The objective of defining an information security policy is to ensure that the ABC Company is able to keep its business continued in any situation of damage by any incident and the impact of such damages is minimized. The security policy is approved by a CEO or MD. The security policy ensures that: Information is protected from unauthorized personnels Confidentiality of the data is maintained Integrity of the information is maintained Information availability is ensured at all times Regulatory or legislative compliance needs are managed Business continuity plans are developed, tested and maintained Security related training is given to all employees Security breaches are reported to security managers An acceptable use policy must be created with acceptable usage terms for system and networking equipments. Acceptable use policy Outlines acceptable and unacceptable use while accessing systems and networking equipment. An Antivirus policy must be developed containing details of procedures used for minimizing dangers of virus attacks in computers. A Data policy can be developed for outlining of the process for storage of data, its retention and disposal which would be helpful as mobile devices are most susceptive to data theft. An Email policy would be used for identifying how email services may be used and how much of the information can be shared with the third party An Ethics policy can capture the details of openness of culture, integrity issues, trust factors, ethical practices and impacts on unethical behaviour. Password management: Identification of the minimum requirements for creation and management of passwords. Privacy policy: It can be used to tell how data can be used by the organization maintaining the privacy of users or others who are associated with the organization. Security-related HR policy: This policy takes care of new hires and also includes policies and procedures used for termination. This is useful for management of privileges. This policy relates to newly hired employee orientation and also termination policies and procedures. This is especially important for privilege management. VPN security policy: It highlights the necessary actions that are required to be completed for gaining access to the virtual private network remotely. Wireless communication policy: This policy outlines the standards to be used for wireless systems for connecting to the network of the organization Managers have to be thoroughly investigated. Policies must support the procedures like virus control, password protection and business continuity planning Business needs for information and system availability would be met The policy must be maintained and supported by the Information Security Manager The responsibility of implementation of polices and ensuring that all employees follow the compliance procedure is with all the managers. Everyone working in the organization must comply with the Information Security Policy Training and awareness It is recommended that all the staff members are trained on security aspects such that they are able to deal with security challenges posed by web presence. Training can also foster a compliance program by pushing employees to use certain practices that can ensure that security threats are minimized. Integration technology If the information systems are integrated to provide real time reporting, it can give the company more capabilities than the case of Software as a Service model of adoption. Integration between applications is something like the web pages mashups in which external sources can be combined on the platform as a service (PaaS). For instance, Force.com is an example of the PaaS system which provides capabilities to build applications to independent software developers or vendors. SalesForce is one such application which is already used by the company. Conclusions Brach offices along with the personnel working in the offices are critical assets for the organization at the strategic level. It is essential to make sure that the security of these branch offices is ensured by developing and implementing the measures for security the data and mobile devices. There is an enhanced network management that must be carried out for securing the information and for maintaining the business continuity. Recommendations Third party testing process should be used and implemented WLAN access logs should be compared so that risks and attacks associated with the unknown devices are uncovered Determination of the usage of the app usage associated with the network tools Use and implementation of an identify-centric security model for the purpose of mobility Evaluation of the level of infrastructure integration: The set of applications, cloud services and devices that is available and visible in an unified manner. The identification of the set of appliances that are old and make use of obsolete technology. Estimation of the people hours that may be saved from the IT staff for using a wired or a wireless network. Mobile population of the company: The number of employees that tele-commute an d the mediums that they use The number of employees that are present in this field VPN capabilities that are associated with the same WLAN usage and the population of the devices: The number of the inventory device types that are used The number of form factors along with the operating systems that are used Site survey for the determination of the current usage of geographies and hotspots WLAN capacity that will be required along with the factors that contribute in the growth of tablet and the usage of Smartphones Evaluation of the VoIP and related latency sensitive applications that may assist in the development or building of the WLAN requirements and applications. Evaluation of the 802.11ac. If the use of 802.11ac the costs and architecture associated with it will be required to be developed. Other recommendations Recommendation 1: Implement procedures and policies for supporting the business continuity through consideration of the security aspects such as data protection in business strategy development. Recommendation 2: The use of LAN and mobile devices must be limited till additional protection measures are taken that can be used for covering the mobile device access points. Recommendation 3: An asset register may be maintained for supporting business continuity through the use of risk management processes. Recommendation 4: A cloud based backup system can be created as an offsite solution such that the data remains safer and more reliable without the need of having physical backups. Recommendation 5: Key employee roles that can replace other important employees critical for work must be identified in the succession planning to take over. They must be monitored, evaluated and supported in learning and take over process. Recommendation 6: A training program must be run to make the employees aware of the security aspects and risk scenarios that are associated with business transactions. References Alabady, S. (2009). Design and Implementation of a Network Security Model for Cooperative Network. [online] Available at: https://www.iajet.org/iajet_files/vol.1/no.2/Design%20and%20Implementation%20of%20a%20Network%20Security%20Model%20for%20Cooperative%20Network.pdf [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Berg, H. (2010). Risk Management: Procedures, Methods and Experiences. [online] Available at: https://ww.gnedenko-forum.org/Journal/2010/022010/RTA_2_2010-09.pdf [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Canavan, J. (2001). Fundamentals of Network Security. [online] Available at: https://whc.es/Network/Fundamentals%20of%20Network%20Security.pdf.1.pdf [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Cisco (2008). Wireless and Network Security Integration Solution Overview. [online] Available at: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/solutions/Enterprise/Mobility/secwlandg20/sec_wireless_overview.pdf [Accessed 16 Sep. 2017]. Crane, L. (2013). Introduction to Risk Management. [online] Available at: https://extensionrme.org/pubs/IntroductionToRiskManagement.pdf [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Dcu (2015). Introduction to Risk Management. [online] Available at: https://www.dcu.ie/sites/default/files/ocoo/pdfs/Risk%20Mgt%20Training%20Slides.pdf [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Debono, R. (2016). Project Risk Management. [online] Available at: https://www.isaca.org/chapters11/Malta/Documents/Events/210416%20-%20Mark_Debono%20-%20Understanding_Risk_in_the_Field_of_Project_Management.pdf [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Joshi, M. and Karkade, R. (2015). Network Security with Cryptography. [online] Available at: https://www.ijcsmc.com/docs/papers/January2015/V4I1201544.pdf [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Pareek, R. (2011). Network Security: An Approach towards Secure Computing. [online] Available at: https://www.rroij.com/open-access/network-security-an-approach-towards-secure-computing-160-163.pdf [Accessed 16 Sep. 2017]. Soriano, M. (2011). Information and Network Security. [online] Available at: https://improvet.cvut.cz/project/download/C2EN/Information_and_network_security.pdf [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Souppaya, M. (2013). Guidelines for Managing the Security of Mobile Devices in the Enterprise. [online] Available at: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-124r1.pdf [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Strebe, M. (2004). Network Security Foundations. [online] Available at: https://imcs.dvfu.ru/lib.int/docs/Networks/Security/Network%20Security%20Foundations.pdf [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Sujithra, M. and Padmavathi, G. (2012). Mobile Device Security: A Survey on Mobile Device Threats, Vulnerabilities and their Defensive Mechanism. [online] Available at: https://dl.icdst.org/pdfs/files/35dc646a4630971fd27c6b2d32661555.pdf [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017].

Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning

Importance of Intermodal transportation for the Global supply Chain

Importance of Intermodal transportation for the Global supply Chain Free Online Research Papers Intermodal transportation for the global supply chain is extremely important in this current economy and for the current political hot button issues such as the environment. Bottom line driver for intermodal transportation is price and flexibility. In times of skyrocketing fuel prices, LTL’ only advantage is speed of delivery. Un-stable and fluctuating cost can turn a supplier’s books from black to red in very short time. Intermodal transportation is a cheaper way to transport and the prices rarely fluctuate. Intermodal transportation has recently been hyped by many politicians because the volume of goods that can be moved via rail or sea helps reduce the carbon emissions that multiple trucking shipments produce which some scientist say is one of the leading causes of the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere. Levans states that eighty percent of all greenhouse gas emissions attributable to transportation come from trucks and passenger cars; whereas railroads contribute only 2.2 percent. Given that one intermodal train is equivalent to 300 trucks, the positive contribution of intermodal transportation on the environment is both obvious and immediate. International VS Domestic Supply Chains Supply chain management is more complex internationally than domestically or intra-state domestic. Different destination countries each have their own unique rules and requirements, depending on the specific commodity and value of freight being shipped. There are also a variety of export compliance issues that need to be addressed when it comes to international freight shipping. International supply chains have some of the following government regulations that impact import and export of shipping good and service such as the FTR, EAR, and the ITARs, which are regulations, that doesn’t cause any domestic constraints. The FTR – Foreign Trade Regulations, which is primarily concerned with the reporting of an export shipment. It is within these regulations that the exporter will find the details about the Automated Export System (AES) reporting requirements and exemptions. The FTR defines valuation; export powers of attorney and record keeping requirements. They also address the ever-vexing questions about the responsibilities of parties when the foreign buyer routes the cargo and selects the international transportation. The EAR – Export Administration Regulations. While the FTR deals with statistical reporting of the shipment, the EAR addresses U.S. export control policy. The EAR controls the export of so-called dual use goods and goods that are not controlled by other regulations. Dual use refers to the idea that the product has a commercial function but it also may be used in applications or destinations the U.S. would prefer it not be used. Most commercial shipments are subject to the EAR. The ITARs -International Traffic in Arms Regulations. The U.S. State Department’s Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC) regulates the export of defense articles under the Arms Export Control Act (AECA.) The details of this act are found primarily within the ITARs. Goods regulated by the ITARs are detailed within the munitions list and are subject to an export licensing requirement by the State Department. Logically this list includes weaponry and military equipment. A brief review of the munitions list would imply that it is a simple matter to determine if exports are subject to ITARs. For companies supplying components to the defense industry, however, it may not be as clear. Companies engaged at any level within the defense industry are cautioned about outsourcing production to other countries or exporting any of their goods before reviewing the ITARs. The previous were a few of government-controlled issues that boggle down the supply chain not included was tariffs and other cost associated with shipping internationally. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has eased some of the regulations and tariffs for the US border countries of Canada and Mexico and has made the supply chain easier to maintain when trading between NAFTA countries. Reference: 1. Levans, M. 2008 Intermodal Roundtable: Ready to get on board? Logistics Management Website, Mar 2008. logisticsmgmt.com/article/337331-2008_Intermodal_Roundtable_Ready_to_get_on_board_.php 2. Mentzer, J. T., W. DeWitt, et al. A Unified Definition of Supply Chain Management. Working paper. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1999. 3. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfrtpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title15/15cfr30_main_02.tpl 4. Border activities get a boost since NAFTA?Logistics Management (2002); Highland Ranch; Nov 2002; William Atkinson. 5. The 21st century freight yard: BNSFs Logistics Park near Chicago Trains; Milwaukee; Jan 2003; Michael W Blaszak Research Papers on Importance of Intermodal transportation for the Global supply ChainDefinition of Export QuotasThe Project Managment Office SystemPETSTEL analysis of IndiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfLifes What IfsOpen Architechture a white paperUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresGenetic EngineeringTwilight of the UAWArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)

Open an unusual business or service in city of Diamond Bar Research Paper

Open an unusual business or service in city of Diamond Bar - Research Paper Example Diamond bar has a total population of 55544 people based on the census conducted in the year 2010; which form total population density of 3731.5 people per square mile or 1440.8 KM2 (City-data, 2013). Notable to mention is that this numbers are much lower than the population count that was conducted in the year 2000 of 56287 people (City-data, 2013). Based on the2010 census, the total racial makeup was proved to compose of 29144 (52.5%) Asians, 18434 (33.2%) whites (with 21.3% Non-Hispanic whites), 2288 (4.1%) African American groups, 178 (0.3% Native Americans, 106 (0.2%) Pacific Islanders, 3237 (5.8%) for other races, 2157(3.9%) from two or more races and finally the Hispano or the Latino forming 20.1% 11138 people (Quickfacts.census, 2014). According to the statistics gathered in 2010, it is evident from the data that there were 17880 household in diamond bar (Quickfacts.census, 2014). Out of the entire population, it emanated that 102 or 0.2% of the households were living on non-institutionalized group’s quarters while 27 or 0% were living on institutionalized quarters (Quickfacts.census, 2014). Furthermore, basing on age groups, out of the registered 17880 households, it is only 39.2% or 7008 households that had children who were under the age of 18 and this related to 11895 children (City-data, 2013). In addition to this, it was recorded that 5590 (10.1%) people were aged 18 to 24, 13585 (2.5%) people were 25 to 44 years, 17988 (32.4%) were found to aged between 45 to 64 years (City-data, 2013). The elderly people in Diamond bar city which was composed of individuals with 65 years and above formed a population of 6486; relating to 11.7% of total population recorded in 2010 (City-data, 2013). The social status of Diamond Bar revealed that 66% or 11792 of the total population were married opposite sex couples, 2.8% (496) were mature unmarried opposite sex people, 71 (0.4%) were same

Energy drinks, possible benefits and health risks Essay

Energy drinks, possible benefits and health risks - Essay Example EDs are also purported to enhance alertness and performance .In addition, the paper will also examine the various risks associated with ED which include undesirable effects of caffeine, dangers of mixing EDs with alcoholic beverages, addiction to the drink as well as weight gain which may result in obesity and other cardiovascular ailments. Nevertheless, consumption of energy drinks continues to rise and several people fall prey to the advertising of these drinks. There is therefore need for more research as well as practical steps to protect public health, especially vulnerable individuals such adolescents and pregnant women. Energy drinks(ED) can be described as beverages that are typified by the addition of different energy-enhancing elements and are claimed to enhance concentration, athletic performance, reaction time as well as basal metabolism (Burrows, et al, 2013).Energy drinks therefore contain modest to comparatively high concentrations and levels of caffeine, as compared with other beverages that contain caffeine such as cola. Energy drink’s popularity has increased exponentially, recording a 240 percent rise in sales from 2004-2009(Reissig, et al, 2009). Thus, within the quickly growing beverage sector, there is dominance by Red Bull which commands 42% of the market share in the US. Red Bull in 2011 sold over 4 billion units in more than 160 states globally. Reports indicate that males aged18-34 years are the greatest consumers of EDs though increased consumption has also been reported amongst younger children as well. In addition, 31% of children aged between12-17 years and 34 percent of young adults aged between 18-24 years reported regular consumption of the energy drinks; with approximately 57 percent of college students claiming frequent use of energy drinks. Energy drink’s regulation comprising their health warnings and content varies

Peter Singer's All Animals are Equal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Peter Singer's All Animals are Equal - Essay Example I am urging that we extend to other species the basic principle of equality that most of us recognize should be extended to all members of our own species.† (Singer, 1989) In my opinion, Singer would better communicate his point if he preached on the necessity of compassion for animals, but in this instance, he suggests a quality of rights with humans. To show how quickly Singer’s logic contradicts itself or quickly spirals to the absurd, we can begin with the innumerable treaties that exist in international law that define the extent of Human Rights as decided among humans themselves at the United Nations and other locations. First, we must ask ourselves – can even one animal read the â€Å"Universal Declaration of Human Rights†? We can accept that any human being, in any human culture on the planet, generally save instances of abnormal injury, can learn to read and understand the document. In comparison, of what may be anywhere from 30 to 230 million different species of animals on the planet, depending on the number of insects, and the number of individual animal beings literally exponential and uncountable to human mind or science – not one of these animals can read. In recognizing that some higher mammals can be taught, should one extend the right of education and free speech to insects? It is not in my interest to encourage in any way cruelty to animals, nor to belittle animal intelligence, and dismiss animal culture. I understand the ways in which speciesism may unfold, as defined by Skinner, and support vegetarianism. However, I would suggest that Singer spend years in a jungle or forest location and teach vegetarianism to animals. It may be possible, and I have seen cats for example raised as vegetarians by their owners but not renounce killing by their own choice.

Concept Of Maximising Shareholder Wealth And Competing Theories Finance Essay

Concept Of Maximising Shareholder Wealth And Competing Theories Finance Essay Maximizing share holder wealth is a concept in which optimally increasing the long-term value of the firm is emphasized. Milton Friedman recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences is often quoted as saying The business of business is business He actually did say there is one and only one social responsibility of business-to use it resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud. Friedman used the term profits, rather than shareholder wealth but the two are often seen as interchangeable. Not only is this not true, there is an increasing body of opinion that views the prime motive of maximizing shareholder wealth as deeply flawed. In the history accounting and finance, it is assumed that the objective of the business is to maximize the value of a company. Put simply, this means that the managers of a business should create as much wealth as possible for the shareholders. Given this objective, any financing or investment decision that is expected to improve the value of the shareholders stake in the business is acceptable. In short, the objective for managers running a business should be profit maximization both in the short and long-term. Shareholders are deemed as the owners of the business. Their main aim is to increase their wealth, finance managers are employed to achieve this aim. In order to maximise shareholder wealth it would mean Maximising the flow of dividends to shareholders through time there is a long term prospective (Arnold, 2005) Shareholder wealth is a short-term gain, and can be artificially increased without adding any tangible assets or products to the companys rooster. You can, for example, simply lay off an entire short-term unessential department; say Research and Development rather than the shop floor, and the next quarters profits will be increased. But what about the social responsibility of the workers made redundant in order to make share price healthy? That is the fallacy with an unthinking mantra of maximizing. Almost any executive decision, no matter how socially irresponsible or unethical can be justified as intended to increase the stock price. Managers on short term leash might stay at the same point on the demand curve but economize more on resource if they must maximize shareholder wealth. Economizing inputs tend to offset the maximisers reducing output. In an economy with widespread monopoly some firms encouraged to maximize shareholder wealth would primarily encourage while others shoul d slash production and reduce allocative efficiency one cannot predict which effect would dominate. Traditional theory suggests that the key aim of any business is to generate the greatest possible value for the company, leading to the maximum possible return for shareholders. As Ian Davies argues, this so-called Shareholder Theory is based on the idea that the ultimate aim of a company is to generate profit and pass this profit, along with any associated value, on to the shareholders who took the risk of purchasing those shares in the first place (Davies, 2007); furthermore, any approach that minimises the companys outgoings will, in theory, contribute to the growth of the asset-value of the company and therefore to the ultimate return to shareholders. Within the concept of Shareholder Theory, there is technically no limit to the methods that might be used in order to maximise shareholder wealth. One of the most commonly used methods, according to Jill H. Ellsworth and Matthew V. Ellsworth, is strategies for the reduction of tax liabilities, in other words reducing the amount of tax paid in order to increase the amount of money that can be paid out as dividends to shareholders (Ellsworth Ellsworth, 2007 ed., p. 58). However, arguably, this theory is overly simplistic: for example, while one strategy might generate greater short-term wealth for shareholders, a less obvious strategy might, in the longer-term, generate far greater wealth. For example, while a company could use surplus profits in order to increase the dividend, it could also use them to invest in projects that could yield far greater gains in the future. This, in turn, could increase the overall share price. This approach highlights an important problem: not all share holders are the same, and while some are willing to wait for the longer-term results, others are after short term gain. There is no guarantee that both can be satisfied by the same approach. COMPETING THEORIES Other theories for example Stakeholder theory asserts that managers should make decisions that take into account the interests of all stakeholders of the firm. Such stakeholders include not only financial claimholders but also employees, managers, customers, suppliers, local communities, government, and others. Thus, stakeholder theory involves trying to maximize multiple objectives. Maximization of shareholder wealth focuses on owners and is a single-valued objective. This does not mean that corporate managers should disregard stakeholders other than owners. On the contrary, they need to be aware of the needs, wants, and interests of these other constituencies, but the owners come first. Although Shareholder Theory has been the dominant approach for many years, the new Stakeholder Theory is gaining ground. This theory suggests that Shareholder Theory is merely one part of the overall strategy that should be employed, with the others including such relatively unfixed concepts as earnings per share, employee satisfaction and environmental protection. Andy Coulson-Thomas argues that Stakeholder Theory is based on the idea that a business is an organic creature that will produce better results for everyone if holistically managed and, overall, led towards a situation in which every aspect of the company is performing well (Worthington et al., 2008, p. 147). This is clearly not a short-term theory, and one again illustrates the dramatic divide between the aims of different shareholders. However, Stakeholder Theory does have one major advantage, which is that it allows a more organic, cross-company angle to be applied, one which allows for stable long-term growth at the ex pense, perhaps, of short-term profit and wealth maximisation. Its also important to consider the size of the company and its location. Size affects such matters as taxation liability and economy of scale, and there are dramatically different rules when it comes to larger corporate entities. Although generalisations are dangerous, its true to say that smaller companies face less legislation in terms of moves to prevent tax avoidance etc., although to compensate for these larger companies often employ legal teams to address such issues. Davies argues that this balances out leading to virtual parity in terms of how companies of different sizes deal with taxation (and) they end up paying virtually the same rates, albeit from very different starting points (Davies, 2007, p. 37). Its also possible to relocate the companys base to a state with little or no corporate income tax, or where potential lawsuits are far more likely to be resolved in the companys favour. This may generate subsequent problems for shareholders, however, since their profits will be considered to be coming from abroad and may therefore be subject to additional taxation. This is an example of what McLaney calls blind strategy (Davies, 2007, p. 6), whereby something that initially seems to be good (for the company) is ultimately bad for the shareholders. In light of the factors above, CEOs of major companies are being urged, to look to other theories of corporate purpose. In this theory, the customer comes first. Perhaps the most notable change of purpose, as advocated by Richard Ellsworth and Ian Davies, is to change corporate focus from the shareholder to the customer. For example, in his book Leading with purpose Ellsworth offers statistics, drawn from a study of 23 companies that show those businesses that were mostly customer-focused exceeded their industries median performance by 36 per cent. But what does focusing on the customer mean? Isnt it something that successful businesses have always done? Yes and no. In his book, The New Business Road Test John W. Mullins defines customer focus as a corporations ability to resolve customers pain. Mullins then goes on to highlight the case of Nike who impacted on the sports shoe market by designing shoes that met the specific speed and endurance needs of distance runners. In 1972, eight years after Nike (then known as Blue Ribbon Sports) was formed, four of the top seben finishers in the Olympic marathon wore Nike shoes. Two decades later, afte r many years of strong growth, Nike targeted women, for whom its products seemed to hold limited appeal. Nikes researchers found that for active women, clothes had to perform a double-duty, handle an intense workout and look good on the street. Nike turned their research iinto new product lines and in 2005 their combined womens business grew by almost 20% outpacing even the companies overall growth. But away from Mullins, Naomi Kliens book, No Logo, shows there is more to Nikes corporate purpose than target markets. Klien points out that Nike is also probably the most famous case of western companies using sweatshop labour a scandal that was bought to national USA attention in 1995-96 and has dogged the company ever since. The question is this: how do we interpret Nikes repeated attempts to change unethical working practices at its various sites around the world? What do we say about the introduction of schools, donations and increased wages it has given out to workers it previously exploited? Can they be seen as cynical attempts by a panicked business to maintain shareholder value, or genuine efforts to resolve their customers moral pain? Nikes efforts at ethical working practices brings me to CSR Corporate Social Responsibility CSR has become the basis on what organisations do well. There are several studies as to what CSR is, several researchers (Friedman, Rudolf, Davis etc.) have given their own definitions, the World Business Council has defined it as the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and to contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families, as well as of the local community and society at large. (Source: Xrefer, definition of Corporate Social Responsibility) Companies usually implement CSR into their policies and practices so the effects of their activities have a positive social, environmental, legal and economic impact on the communities in which they operate and on their stakeholders. Some organisations behave more socially responsibility because it is an obligation by the managerial board, but also because of fear of backlash from environmentalist and consumer pressure groups and the media, and negative corporate image. It has been argued that behaving in a more socially responsibility manner can be beneficial to an organisation in the long run. A good example of an ethical organisation is the Body Shop. The Body Shop was founded by Anita Roddick in 1976, and has achieved worldwide status for being profitable and socially responsible, which proved that an organisation can be ethical and successful and reward shareholders and satisfy stakeholders at the same time. It has achieved worldwide popularity due its ethical practices, famously recognised for being against animal testing and promoting cosmetic products that have not been tested on animals, . They had a business case to provide body care products that have not been tested on animals and their business case just provides further support that an organisation can be profitable whilst being ethical. SHAREHOLDER WEALTH CRITICISM Another difficulty with Shareholder Theory is that aspects of wealth growth, most notably those related to tax, are increasingly complex and require a variety of forensic-level approaches that are often impossible for a large corporation to undertake. For example, some shareholders might benefit from a corporation-based tax reduction strategy, while others might be better off utilising their own such systems. Its impossible to tell which system will suit which shareholder, and its also impossible to mix the two systems. There is therefore a fundamental need to balance competing needs and, often, to find a balance that generates the best average result for shareholders. To compensate for such problems, companies can help their shareholders to form their own corporation designed to either own stock or to act as consultants (mainly for smaller companies). A. McNeil notes that such tactics are likely to appeal only to shareholders who are more proactive in their involvement in the company, whereas research shows that over three quarters of shareholders prefer a far more passive involvement (McNeil, 2007, p. 85). Furthermore, a number of commentators have argued that such tactics usually offer fewer benefits than they promise on paper, since there must be consideration given to the costs of incorporation and the operation of such a company. Turner and Johnson, for example, argue that the hidden costs in such an operation almost always outweigh the possible benefits (Turner Johnson, 2003, p. 238). Ultimately, the concept of maximising shareholder wealth represents a return to the principle of using a business in order to increase the wealth of individuals. As Andy Coulson-Thomas has suggested, this approach has often been lost in recent years as individuals (instead) work for the greater good of the company, which is often valued more highly than the wealth of the shareholders (Worthington et al., 2008, p. 58). Its clear that attempts to focus on the maximisation of shareholder wealth often involve increased complexity and, as a result, present a number of potential points at which profit can be lost. There are a number of conflicting theories in terms of which approach might be best when it comes to maximising shareholder wealth, but its clear that the most fundamental problem is that shareholders often have different, and in many cases competing, aims the key difference is in terms of how quickly they want to see a profit, and the needs of short-term profit-seekers are like ly to contradict the needs of those seeking a longer-term profit generation system. There is even the problem with the stock price itself as illustrated in my third paragraph above. It simply isnt always in management control. Again, as we have seen recently, share value largely depends on the confidence the market has in a corporation or the sector that the corporation operates in. as confidence in the banking sector has recently plummeted, even organizations with a healthy balance sheet have seen their share prices tumble. Consider the monopolist in a nation that denigrates shareholder wealth maximization and has rules and norms that discourage lay-offs. Employees cannot easily be laid off. Their jobs cannot be radically reconfigured without their consent. As such, the monopolist might not cut production and raise prices further, despite the shareholder-wealth-maximization basis for doing so, because it must pay the employees anyway if labor markets are rigid and if it cannot costlessly redeploy its workforce. In such circumstances, not only are the employees with jobs protected, but national wealth is increased (or at least not decreased) by slack agency controls on managers. A weak shareholder primacy norm facilitates greater production. I would say there is the problem of the shareholders themselves. These are not necessarily long-term investors with the interests of the company at heart, but transient individuals, some of whom, as we have seen lately, may actually look to make money out of a business by betting on the share price going down .i.e. taking the fall of shareholders like Conrad Black and Bernard Madoff. As per tutor2u,  Managers of a business should create as much wealth as possible for the shareholders. Given this objective, any financing or investment decision that is expected to improve the value of the shareholders stake in the business is acceptable. This is based on the assumption that managers operate in the best interests of stockholders, not themselves, and do not attempt to expropriate wealth from lenders to benefit stockholders. Another assumption is that managers act in a socially responsible manner and do not create unreasonable costs to society in pursuit of stockholder wealth maximization.  Ã‚  (Blackwell publishing, 2009) Wealth maximization is achieved by maximization of the cash flows of the organization.  Ã‚  Cash flow is a better yardstick than the profits. There are several objections against the profit maximization: One it is vague; there are multiple meanings of Profit.  Ã‚  For example profit after tax, retained earnings. Thus profits cannot be the ultimate goal. Two it is uncertain; as per Freemba, Profit cannot be ascertained well in advance to express the probability of return as future is uncertain. It is not at possible to maximize what cannot be known. Hence the timing of the profit cant be estimated. Three it ignores time value of money; Profits ignore the time value of money which is not in the case of cash flows. One can exactly find the timing of cash flows. Hence cash flow is a better measure. CONCLUSION Despite its advantages of greatly simplifying directors decision making we should discard the fictional undiversified shareholder concept for two reasons. First, it is highly unrealistic, more so than the other alternatives here considered. Second, it is indeterminate as to the degree of risk-aversion that should be ascribed to this fictional shareholder, and this degree of freedom completely undercuts ability of the shareholder wealth maximization norm to constrain director conduct. The  goal of Maximization of profits I think to be a narrow outlook. Evidently when profit maximization becomes the basis of financial decisions of the concern, it ignores the interests of the community on the one hand and that of the government, workers and other concerned persons in the enterprise on the other hand. Hence profit maximization is not considered as the ultimate financial objective. Wealth maximization is considered to be the most important financial objective Organization should also consider non financial objectives too to satisfy the other stakeholders of the organization. Stakeholder can be a person, group, organization, or system who affects or can be affected by an organizations actions. This means satisfying the objectives of customers, suppliers, government agencies, families of employees, special interest groups.  This will help in achieving the success in long term too. Ultimately, the concept of maximising shareholder wealth represents a return to the principle of using a business in order to increase the wealth of individuals.This approach has often been lost in recent years as individuals work for the greater good of the company, which is often valued more highly than the wealth of the shareholders Its clear that attempts to focus on the maximisation of shareholder wealth often involve increased complexity and, as a result, present a number of potential points at which profit can be lost. There are a number of conflicting theories in terms of which approach might be best when it comes to maximising shareholder wealth, but its clear that the most fundamental problem is that shareholders often have different, and in many cases competing, aims the key difference is in terms of how quickly they want to see a profit, and the needs of short-term profit-seekers are likely to contradict the needs of those seeking a longer term profit generation system I also conclude that from above highlights it shows just how complex and interlinked all the financial and psychological aspects of business are. It is no longer enough (if it ever was) for businesses to concentrate soley on their shareholders. In the current climate of a credit crunch fuelled by a potent mix of incompetence and greed, with business ethics under scrutiny like never before, the customer is all of us. And the pain we need resolving is not just economic, but social and environmental as well if corporation investment decisions are best pursued through the use of a fictional shareholder concept, rather than through attempts by directors to ascertain and satisfy to the extent possible the conflicting preferences of their corporations actual shareholders and perhaps other stakeholders as well then the fictional diversified shareholder concept, despite its significant implementation difficulties, is the preferred alternative among those here considered. .

The Importance Of The Human Genome Project Essay -- Science Genetics B

The Importance Of The Human Genome Project This is the outstanding achievement not only of our lifetime, but of human history. I say this, because the Human Genome Project has the potential to impact the life of every person on this planet. It is a giant resource that will change mankind, much like the printing press did. The famous words of Dr. James Watson resonated as a victory bell, signaling the successful completion of what many deemed the boldest undertaking in the history of biology: The Human Genome Project (2003). On the fiftieth anniversary of the day that forever changed science the day Watson and his colleague Francis Crick unraveled the secret of life, the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid the world was presented with another shocking discovery: the complete sequence of the human genome. Almost immediately, uproar swept throughout the science community and the world-at-large, as many believed that the solution to our problems had finally arrived the true secret of life the panacea that would dissipate the ominous clouds of disease and suffering. Yet, as often happens when a promising new idea is presented on tenuous grounds, the revelers had only heard a fraction of the entire story; their grand hopes were born primarily of imagination. But when all the celebratory confetti had cleared, there stood defiantly amidst all the hoopla voices of reason. Molecular anthropologist Jonathan Marks voice was one of these. In an excerpt from his literary work What It Means to be 98% Chimpanzee: Apes, People, and Their Genes, Marks undermines the importance of the Human Genome Project and our genes, advocating instead a more rational and moderate view of them. By exposing three of the Project s flaws, he hopes to convince... ...ealize that our genes are but one aspect of our history, that there are many other histories that are even more important it is a delusion to think that genomics in isolation will ever tell us what it means to be human (2001, paragraph 11). Indeed, everything is not solely in our genes. Works Cited Beckwith, J. (2002). Geneticists in society, society in genetics. In J. Alper (Ed.), The double-edged helix (pp. 39-57). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Lewontin, R.C. (1991). Causes and their effects. Biology as ideology: the doctrine of DNA (pp. 41-57). New York: HarperPerennial. Marks, J. (2002). The meaning of human variation. What it means to be 98% chimpanzee: apes, people, and their genes (pp. 88-95). Berkeley: University of California Press. Paabo, S. (2001). The human genome and our view of ourselves. Science Magazine 291, 1219-1220.

Duke of Edinburgh Report

————————————————- Duke of Edinburgh Expedition Report Aim: Observe litter in remote areas and compare with areas accessible by motorised transport Friday Amount of litter: Minor Thoughts: Started our expedition on the top of a hill, near a cafe/ pub which is where we found the litter; a box of beers. Apart from that the route was very difficult to navigate at first because the footpaths were almost non-existent. Furthermore, because of the remote location there was little disruption to the land, grass grew long, wild and marshes were hard to spot. There were few fields for cattle and many times our group had to take bearings because any signs, footprints and the footpath were not visible. This was probably the most physically challenging day as there were many hills and inclines. Photos: Saturday Amount of litter: Moderate Thoughts: When exiting the campsite, there was visible litter on the floor. The route for this day was much easier and accessible than Friday because it was mostly over flat ground and there were very visible and well used paths to walk on. The entire group is skilled at reading a map, compass and taking bearings as we did not get lost once. There was a great amount of teamwork because we constantly checked our position, while taking it in turns to read the map and lead. This made the expedition more enjoyable as it spread responsibility evenly. We found more litter on the side roads, but none on the footpaths. Photos: Sunday Amount of litter: Large Thoughts: Most of this consisted of walking through or around deep mud and fields which contained cattle. This was not enjoyable because there were calves with their mothers; this made them aggressive and slowed our progress. Also we alked through many suburban areas that would be accessible by motorised transport and found lots of litter. In a town we found many bins next to each other, but there was still litter barely 50 meters away. The route this day took us through popular public footpaths, in which we found the most litter. Photos: Summary: Over the course of the expedition, we discovered and concluded that as a remote area becomes more accessible to motorised transpor t, amount of litter in that area increases. This was a very interesting and enjoyable expedition.

Using PHP and HTML on the Same Page

Using PHP and HTML on the Same Page Want to add HTML to a PHP file? While HTML and PHP are two separate programming languages, you might want to use both of them on the same page to take advantage of what they both offer. With one or both of these methods, you can easily embed HTML code in your PHP pages to format them better and make them more user-friendly. The method you choose depends on your specific situation. HTML in PHP Your first option is to build the page like a normal HTML web page with HTML tags, but instead of stopping there, use separate PHP tags to wrap up the PHP code. You can even put the PHP code in the middle if you close and reopen the ?php  and ? tags. This method is especially useful if you have a lot of HTML code but want to also include PHP. Heres an example of putting the HTML outside of the tags (PHP is bold here for emphasis): html titleHTML with PHP/title body h1My Example/h1 ?php//your PHP code goes here? bHere is some more HTML/b ?php //more PHP code ? /body /html As you can see, you can use any HTML you want without doing anything special or extra in your PHP file, as long as its outside and separate from the PHP tags. In other words, if you want to insert PHP code into an HTML file, just write the PHP anywhere you want (so long as theyre inside the PHP tags). Open a PHP tag with  ?php  and then close it with  ?  like you see above. Use PRINT or ECHO This other way is basically the opposite; its how youd add HTML to a PHP file with PRINT or ECHO, where either command is used to simply print HTML on the page. With this method, you can include the HTML inside of the PHP tags. This is a good method to use for adding HTML to PHP if you only have a line or so to do. In this example,  the HTML areas are bold: ?php Echo html;EchotitleHTML With PHP/title;EchobMy Example/b;//your php code herePrintiPrint works too!/i; ? Much like the first example, PHP still works here regardless of using PRINT or ECHO to write HTML because the PHP code is still contained inside the proper PHP tags.

Helen Adams Keller Essay

Helen Adams Keller Essay Helen Adams Keller Essay Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an American author, political activist, andlecturer. She was the first deafblind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree.[1][2] The story of how Keller's teacher, Anne Sullivan, broke through the isolation imposed by a near complete lack of language, allowing the girl to blossom as she learned to communicate, has become widely known through the dramatic depictions of the play and film The Miracle Worker. Her birthday on June 27 is commemorated as Helen Keller Day in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and was authorized at the federal level by presidential proclamation by PresidentJimmy Carter in 1980, the 100th anniversary of her birth. Helen Keller was born with the ability to see and hear. At 19 months old, she contracted an illness described by doctors as "an acute congestion of the stomach and the brain", which might have beenscarlet fever or meningitis. The illness left her both deaf and blind. At that time, she was able to communicate somewhat with Martha Washington,[11] the six-year-old daughter of the family cook, who understood her signs; by the age of seven, Keller had more than 60 home signs to communicate with her family.In 1886, Keller's mother, inspired by an account inCharles Dickens' American Notes of the successful education of another deaf and blind woman, Laura Bridgman, dispatched young Helen, accompanied by her father, to seek out physician J. Julian Chisolm, an eye, ear, nose, and throat specialist in Baltimore, for advice.[12] Chisholm referred the Kellers toAlexander Graham Bell, who was working with deaf children at the time. Bell advised them to contact thePerkins Institute for the Blind, the school where Bridgman had been educated, which was then located in South Boston. Michael Anagnos, the school's director, asked former student

Aerospace Development and the Boeing 787 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aerospace Development and the Boeing 787 - Essay Example The 787-9 with a capacity of 290 seats and the 787-3 with 330 are set for a release in mid and late 2010 ("Program Fact Sheet"). The 787-8 and 787-9 are long distance carriers with a range of over 8,000 nautical miles. The 787-3 is a shorter distance aircraft with a maximum range of just over 3,000 nautical miles ("Technical Information"). The Boeing 787 boasts several innovative improvements that make it an environmentally friendly, efficient, and economical aircraft. The performance of the 787 is similar to the 747 and 777 that travel at a speed of Mach .85 ("Program Fact Sheet"). By using a higher ratio of carbon composite materials, the 787 has a weight savings of 30,000 to 40,000 pounds compared to an Airbus A330-200, which results in a 20% fuel savings ("Program Fact Sheet"). In addition, the 787 produces 20% fewer emissions and it is anticipated that maintenance costs will be reduced by 30% ("Program Fact Sheet"). Customer orders have been placed by major airlines from around the world. The largest orders have come from ANA at 50, Northwest Airlines at 18, JAL at 35, Continental Airlines at 20, Air China at 15, Air Canada at 14, China Eastern Airlines at 15, International Lease Finance Corp. (ILFC) at 22, LCAL (Low-Cost Aircraft Leasing) at 15, China Southern Airlines at 10, Air India at 27, Qantas at 45, Singapore Airlines at 20, and Jet Airways at 10 ("Boeings 787 Dreamliner Surpasses 500 Customer Orders", "Program fact Sheet"). Several other international airlines have placed smaller orders bringing the total to 514 aircraft. Delivery is currently set for early 2008 for the 787-8 and 2010 for the 787-9 and 787-3. The current orders for 514 aircraft represent the initial delivery of what Boeing anticipates will be 3,500 787 aircraft by the year 2023 ("Program Facts"). This will represent $400 billion in sales through this 20-year period. The major competitor for the soon to be released 787-8

The Myth of Bermuda Triangle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Myth of Bermuda Triangle - Essay Example As the paper outlines, no US government file has identified the location of Bermuda Triangle or for that matter, the Board of Geographic Names; still the name is synonymous with the mystery as a number of ships have disappeared, as is acclaimed without providing any logic behind their disappearance. Let’s focus on the geographical positioning of the Bermuda Triangle, which is considered to be off the Southeastern coast of the United States in the Atlantic Ocean, with its vertices touching Bermuda, Miami, Florida, and San Juan, Puerto Rico, roughly grounded in 500,000 square miles (Obringer, 2012). The adjective ‘Devil’ was associated with Bermuda because once Bermuda was called, â€Å"the Isle of Devils.† It is because the reefs surrounding the area are quite tricky to the sailing ships, resulting in the wreckage of sailing ships. An object becomes a mystery when the logic behind extra-ordinary happening near that object is not cross-checked, and rumors tak e a full circle, thus, making people believe in the reality of such rumors. The same is the case with the Bermuda Triangle where, it is stated that not only ships but aircraft also disappear while hovering over the mysterious region, called Bermuda Triangle. Actually, reports of sinking ships have not been authenticated by some government body, such as the U.S. Coast Guard, which finds nothing particular in the number of ships meeting with accidents in the region. It seems that the media have used the incidents of missing ships as a ploy or cheap propaganda to boost their magazines’ sale. A deeper analysis of the past happenings leads to believe that imagination was allowed to flutter its wings in the air freely, as no serious attempt was made to halt the propaganda. Ship accidents surrounding the Bermuda region have been linked to alien abductions or giant octopus, but research on marine accidents by Norman Hooke for Lloyd’s Maritime Information Services rejects the e xistence of any such mystery over the Bermuda Triangle. Any accidents caused were related to bad weather conditions only. Further research has also proved that some major casualties had taken place, but these occurred far away from the stated Bermuda Triangle (Obringer, 2012). The scientific evidence based on computer-aided research of ocean floors revealing that huge methane gas explosions had been taking place under the sea-bed, specifically over the Bermuda Triangle region seem to be more convincing, but more evidence is required to believe in the scientific theory of the sudden eruption of methane gas in the form of a mega-bubble, not only swamping ships but projecting upward in the air, also engulfing airplanes (Cat, 2010). The scientific base of the methane gas bubble is that when a ship comes in the contact of the methane mega-bubble, the ship becomes devoid of all buoyancy and goes sinking to the bottom of the ocean. If the circumference of the bubbles is large enough and it is sufficient in density, the methane bubble can also force an aircraft to dive to the bottom of the sea without creating a system alert? The possible explanations that aircraft engulfed in the methane bubble stops the engine, and-perhaps inflames the methane around, causing instant loss of flight, as the airplane dives into the ocean. The scientific explanation of the mystery surrounding Bermuda Triangle seems to be doubtful in the absence of any reliable reports of ships and airplanes almost engulfed by such a bubble.